PD-L1 Antibody

49251-100ul SAB 100ul 399.6 EUR

PD-L1 Antibody

49251-50ul SAB 50ul 286.8 EUR

PD-L1 Antibody

P1013-01m SAB 0.1m 224.4 EUR

PD-L1 Antibody

P1013-1ml SAB 1ml 807.6 EUR

PD-L1 Antibody

R31573 NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 356.15 EUR
Description: Programmed death-ligand 1, also known as CD274 or B7-H1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. It is a 33-70kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. Upregulation on tumor MDCs downregulates T-cell immunity and PD-L1 blockade may represent an approach for cancer immunotherapy. It can provide positive costimulatory signals for innate and adaptive immunity and for protection against intracellular bacterial infection. It has been found that PD1/PDL1 pathway may be a good target for restoring antitumor immunity in ovarian cancer.

PD-L1 Antibody

R33263-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 339.15 EUR
Description: Additional name(s) for this target protein: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; CD274

Anti-PD-L1 Antibody

A1454-100 Biovision each 405.6 EUR

Anti-PD-L1 Antibody

A1454-30T Biovision each 175.2 EUR

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ180217 St John's Laboratory 0.1 ml 336 EUR

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ180383 St John's Laboratory 0.1 ml 295.2 EUR

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ190082 St John's Laboratory 200 µl 236.4 EUR
Description: Unconjugated Mouse monoclonal to PD-L1 (AS1A7)

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ130022 St John's Laboratory 50 µl 385.2 EUR
Description: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that suppresses immune system. PD-L1 is expressed in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells including T cells and B cells and various types of tumor cells. PD-L1 binds to its receptor Programmed death 1 (PD1). During infection or inflammation, PD1PD-L1 interaction is important for preventing autoimmunity. In tumor microenvironments, PD1-PD-L1 interaction provides an immune escape for tumor cells through cytotoxic T-cell inactivation. Expression of this gene in tumor cells is considered to be prognostic in many types of human cancers. In recent years, PDL1 has become an important biomarker and immunotherapy target for many types of malignancies.

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ130023 St John's Laboratory 50 µl 385.2 EUR
Description: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that suppresses immune system. PD-L1 is expressed in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells including T cells and B cells and various types of tumor cells. PD-L1 binds to its receptor Programmed death 1 (PD1). During infection or inflammation, PD1PD-L1 interaction is important for preventing autoimmunity. In tumor microenvironments, PD1-PD-L1 interaction provides an immune escape for tumor cells through cytotoxic T-cell inactivation. Expression of this gene in tumor cells is considered to be prognostic in many types of human cancers. In recent years, PDL1 has become an important biomarker and immunotherapy target for many types of malignancies.

Anti-PD-L1 antibody

STJ130024 St John's Laboratory 50 µl 385.2 EUR
Description: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that suppresses immune system. PD-L1 is expressed in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells including T cells and B cells and various types of tumor cells. PD-L1 binds to its receptor Programmed death 1 (PD1). During infection or inflammation, PD1PD-L1 interaction is important for preventing autoimmunity. In tumor microenvironments, PD1-PD-L1 interaction provides an immune escape for tumor cells through cytotoxic T-cell inactivation. Expression of this gene in tumor cells is considered to be prognostic in many types of human cancers. In recent years, PDL1 has become an important biomarker and immunotherapy target for many types of malignancies.

PD-L1 Antibody [F6A9]

SD8639-002mg ProSci 0.02 mg 253.22 EUR
Description: PD-L1 Antibody: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 is a B7-related protein that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses by reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 from memory T cells. This suggests that PD-L1 may be useful in reducing allogenic CD4+ memory T-cell responses to endothelial cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of host immune responses to allografts.

PD-L1 Antibody [F6A9]

SD8639-01mg ProSci 0.1 mg 723.62 EUR
Description: PD-L1 Antibody: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 is a B7-related protein that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses by reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 from memory T cells. This suggests that PD-L1 may be useful in reducing allogenic CD4+ memory T-cell responses to endothelial cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of host immune responses to allografts.

PD-L1 Antibody [F2G2]

SD8641-002mg ProSci 0.02 mg 253.22 EUR
Description: PD-L1 Antibody: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 is a B7-related protein that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses by reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 from memory T cells. This suggests that PD-L1 may be useful in reducing allogenic CD4+ memory T-cell responses to endothelial cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of host immune responses to allografts.

PD-L1 Antibody [F2G2]

SD8641-01mg ProSci 0.1 mg 723.62 EUR
Description: PD-L1 Antibody: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 is a B7-related protein that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses by reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 from memory T cells. This suggests that PD-L1 may be useful in reducing allogenic CD4+ memory T-cell responses to endothelial cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of host immune responses to allografts.

Mouse PD-L1 Antibody

32903-05111 AssayPro 150 ug 313.2 EUR

PD-L1 Conjugated Antibody

C49251 SAB 100ul 476.4 EUR

anti- PD-L1/CD274 antibody

FNab06280 FN Test 100µg 606.3 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against PD-L1/CD274

anti- PD-L1/CD274 antibody

FNab06281 FN Test 100µg 658.5 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against PD-L1/CD274

anti-PD-L1 VHH antibody

JOT0002-5 Jotbody each Ask for price

Anti-PD-L1/CD274 Antibody

PB9994 BosterBio 100ug/vial 352.8 EUR

Anti-PD-L1/CD274 Antibody

PB9154 BosterBio 100ug/vial 352.8 EUR

Anti-PD-L1/CD274 Antibody

PA1851 BosterBio 100ug/vial 352.8 EUR

Anti-PD-L1/CD274 antibody

PAab06280 Lifescience Market 100 ug 426 EUR

Anti-CD274 / PD-L1 antibody

STJ70646 St John's Laboratory 100 µg 430.8 EUR

Anti-PD-L1 Antibody (IHC411)

A1549-50 Biovision each 222 EUR

Ribosome-inactivating protein PD-L1 / PD-L2 Antibody

20-abx319445 Abbexa
  • 493.20 EUR
  • 2214.00 EUR
  • 718.80 EUR
  • 218.40 EUR
  • 360.00 EUR
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Ribosome-inactivating protein PD-L1/PD-L2 Antibody

1-CSB-PA306294LA01PJJ Cusabio
  • 380.40 EUR
  • 402.00 EUR
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Ribosome-inactivating protein PD-L1/PD-L2. Recognizes Ribosome-inactivating protein PD-L1/PD-L2 from Phytolacca dioica. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

F55054-0.1ML NSJ Bioreagents 0.1ml 339.15 EUR
Description: As a ligand for the inhibitory receptor PDCD1/PD-1, PD-L1 modulates the activation threshold of T-cells and limits T-cell effector response. [UniProt]

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

R32479 NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 356.15 EUR
Description: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), also known as CD274 or B7-H1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. It is mapped to 9p24.1. PD-L1 is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. It has been concluded that upregulation of PD-L1 on tumor MDCs downregulates T-cell immunity and that PD-L1 blockade may represent an approach for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, PD-L1 can provide positive costimulatory signals for innate and adaptive immunity and for protection against intracellular bacterial infection. What’s more, it has been found that PD1/PDL1 pathway may be a good target for restoring antitumor immunity in ovarian cancer.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

R32579 NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 356.15 EUR
Description: B7 Homolog 1 (B7-H1), also known as CD274 or PD-L1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. It is mapped to 9p24.1. B7-H1 is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. It has been concluded that upregulation of B7-H1 on tumor MDCs downregulates T-cell immunity and that B7-H1 blockade may represent an approach for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, B7-H1 can provide positive costimulatory signals for innate and adaptive immunity and for protection against intracellular bacterial infection.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V9155-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V9155-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20ug 153.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V9155SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V3955-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. recruitment of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. Constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V3955-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20 ug 153.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. recruitment of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. Constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V3955BTN NSJ Bioreagents 500 ul 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V3955PE-100T NSJ Bioreagents 100 Tests 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V3955SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. recruitment of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. Constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

R20345-0.1ML NSJ Bioreagents 100ul 409 EUR

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7822-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7822-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20 ug 153.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7822SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7823-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7823-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20 ug 153.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7823SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7974-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7974-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20 ug 153.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7974SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: PD-L1 is a checkpoint regulator in immune cells, it is expressed on immune or non-hematopoietic cells. Expression of the protein is seen during pregnancy where it has a role in suppressing the immune system. PD-L1 induces an inhibitory signal in activated T-cells and promotes T-cell apoptosis. It is overexpressed in a number of different cancers where it is believed to play a significant role in the cancer s ability to evade the immune system.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7988-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. Engagement of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. The constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7988-20UG NSJ Bioreagents 20 ug 153.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. Engagement of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. The constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.

PD-L1 Antibody / B7-H1 / CD274

V7988SAF-100UG NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 349.3 EUR
Description: Engagement of CD28 by B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) in the presence of antigen promotes T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, differentiation of effector T-cells and the induction of BCLX, a promoter of T-cell survival. Engagement of CTLA4 by B7-1 or B7-2, on the other hand, may inhibit proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. PD-L1 is 290-amino acid type I transmembrane protein, which is 20% and 15% identical to B7-1 and B7-2, respectively, has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains and a 30-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). IL-2, although produced in small amounts, is required for the effect of PD-L1 co-stimulation. PD-L2 protein contains a signal sequence, IgV- and IgC-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region. The constitutive expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on parenchymal cells of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.